ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE Covers

Vol. 28 (2010) – (External Link)

Vol. 14 (1997) – 27 (2010)

Vol. 27, No. 12 A red fox cub (Vulpes vulpes), found in a den on the Nemuro Peninsula, Hokkaido, Japan (photographed by K. Uraguchi). T. Oishi et al. demonstrate that differences in skull morphology between red fox populations on Hokkaido and the other main islands of Japan represent an exception to Bergman's rule which states that body mass generally rises with higher latitude, and may have resulted from differences in ecological and migration history. Related Article

Vol. 27, No. 11 Deep-seacarnivorous sponge Abyssocladia natsushimae sp. nov., type specimen collected from a depth of 862 m at the Myojln Knoll, Izu:Ogasawara Arc., collected and photographed by the ROV "Hyper-Dolphin" of the R/V “Natsushima” (JAMSTEC). Carnivorous sponges exhibit unusual morphology compared to other filter-feeding sponges. In a study published in this issue, Ise and Vacelet deal with the taxonomy and ecology of this and another new species, Abyssocladia myojinensis. The authors present evidence for the carnivorous feeding habit of A. natsushimae based on the entrapment of small crustaceans by the sponge. Related Article

Vol. 27, No. 10 Photograph of a tardigrade, or water bear, (Macrobiotus occidentalis), living on the moss Bryum argenteum. (Kochi City, Japan) In this study, we determined for the first time the cDNA-derived amino acid sequence of argininekinase (AK) In the tardigrade Macrobiotus. Phylogenetic analyses of other protostome AKs indicated that the Macroblotus AK sequence shows greatest identity with onychophoran AKs, and that these form a sister group with the arthropod AKs. We also determined the kinetic parameters of Macrobiotus AK, and found that this AK has the highest values for kcat and Kd/Km among all AKs studied. Related Article

Vol. 27, No. 9 Photograph of a zoanthid species (Epizoanthus ramosus) living on a shell inhabited by a hermit crab (Paguristes balanophilus) from the Pacific coast of Wakayama, Japan. In their study reported in this issue, Reimer et al. examine the relationships between Epizoanthus spp. and their crab and snail hosts utilizing mitochondrial DNA barcode sequences. The results demonstrate previously unseen high levels of specificity between single zoanthid species and their hosts, and suggest Epizoanthus spp. diversity is much higher than has previously been thought. Related Article

Vol. 27, No. 8 Exoskeletal and muscular structures of Fabaeformiscandona breuili (Ostracoda; Crustacea). In this image, taken by laser scanning confocal microscope, muscles are stained by rhodamine phalloidin. Exoskeletons are revealed by their autofluorescence. Related Article

Vol. 27, No. 7 Group spawning of grass puffer Takifugu niphobles at a spawning bed at Tomioka, Kumamoto, Japan. Spawning occurs only during the spring tide from spring to summer. They aggregate at certain seashore place to spawning, and spawning takes place in groups of 10?60 individuals, of which one is female. In this issue, Motohashi et al. suggest that the semilunar spawning rhythm is endogenously maintained surprisingly precise during the spawning period. Related Article

Vol. 27, No. 6 Mating pair of the alien freshwater amphipod Crangonyx floridanus, originating from North America. This amphipod was first found in Japan in 1989 and records of this species significantly increased within the Kanto region throughout the 1990s; they currently inhabit a broad range within Japan. In this issue, Tojo et al. describe their efficient reproductive system, and capacity to adapt to broad and variable environmental conditions. Related Article

Vol. 27, No. 5 Juveniles of the common tenrec (Tenrec ecaudatus). As tenrecs in Madagascar show the parallel evolution of the Lipotyphla, the streaked tenrec (Hemicentetes semispinosus) is equipped with vibrating quills as one of the most extraordinary sound communication system in mammals. In their article in this issue, Endo at al. functionalmorphologically examined the specialized cutaneous musculature in middorsal region to clarify the sound-generating mechanism peculiar to the species. Related Article

Vol. 27, No. 4 Photograph of common bluetails (Ischnura senegalensis). Females exhibit color dimorphism, consisting of an andromorph (left) and a gynomorph (right, just below center). In their study reported in this issue, Y. Takahashi and M. Watanabe compared reproductive traits between the two morphs and found that the andromorphs are r-strategists (high fecundity with small eggs), whereas the gynomorphs are K-strategists (low fecundity with large eggs). Related Article

Vol. 27, No. 3 The new kinorhynch species Condyloderes megastigma, collected from marine benthic sediments in the Korea Strait. Only four other species are known in this genus. See the article by Sorensen, Rho, and Kim in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 27, No. 2 Each year, Zoological Science publishes a special issue devoted to a topical area of investigation in zoology. This year's special issue focuses on tunicate biology, particularly at the genetic, molecular, and cellular levels, and includes an overview article and 17 research or review articles. The cover illustration is a composite of figures selected from 16 of the articles. Related Article

Vol. 27, No. 1 A female Japanese clawed salamander (Onychodactylus japonicus) from Shikoku Island, Japan. Populations of O. japonicus differ genetically between Shikoku and southwestern Honshu, suggesting the presence of cryptic species within this wide-ranging nominal species. See the article by Yoshikawa et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 26, No. 12 Photograph of a kuruma prawn (Marsupenaeus japonicus) (center) superimposed over an image of a sagittal section through the brain (background) showing cell bodies and fibers immunoreactive for a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-like molecule. In their study reported in this issue, M. Amano et al. demonstrated the existence and determined the distribution of a GnRH-like peptide in the central nervous system of the kuruma prawn. Related Article

Vol. 26, No. 11 Cranium and mandible of the Japanese wolf (Canis lupus hodophilax Temmick, 1983), specimen JW257 from Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. The Japanese wolf went extinct early in the 20th Century. Stuffed specimens and skeletal remains exist in several museum collections, including skeletal material excavated from Jomon Period (10,000 to 250 BC) archaeological sites. In their study reported in this issue, Ishiguro et al. used DNA sequences from the mitochondrial D-Ioop control region to analyze the phylogenetic relationships among the Japanese wolf, Japanese breeds of large dogs, and the continental wolf. Related Article

Vol. 26, No. 10 Species of weakly electric fishes in the genus Campylomormyrus (left), and the corresponding waveforms of electric organ discharge pulses from these species (right). In a review article in the prevIius issue (September), M. Kawasaki describes how weakly electric fishes emit discharges from an electric organ in the tail and sense feedback signals with electroreceptors in the skin. These fishes use the electric sense in various behaviors, including electrolocation, electrocommunication, and the jamming avoidance response. (Photographs and discharge traces by Carl D. Hopkins). Related Article

Vol. 26, No. 9 Polyps of the green hydra Hydra sinensis, a new species from China described by Wang et al. in this issue on the basis of morphological and molecular data. Top row, left to right: three individuals showing asexual budding, and a male individual. Bottom row: hermaphroditic individuals. Green hydras form a stable symbiotic relationship with green Chlorella algae. Hydra sinensis differs from green hydras reported from other parts of the world primarily in the structure and distribution of its holotrichous isorhizae. Related Article

Vol. 26, No. 8 A worker European honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) foraging on a flower of red clover. In a study reported in this issue, Ueno et al. searched for genes differentially expressed in the hypopharyngeal gland Ii worker bees with different, age-dependent roles in the colony. The study identified a buffy homolog, Ambuffy, as a nurse bee-selective gene, and a matrix metalloproteinase 1 homolog, AmMMPI, as a forager-selective gene. (Photo courtesy of Prof. Masami Sasaki) Related Article

Vol. 26, No. 7 A giant scale insect, Drosicha corpulenta, sucking plant sap on the bark of a tree and attended by rnany ants. In a study reported in this issue, Matsuura et al. investigated the endosymbiotic bacteria of Drosicha corpulenta and D. plnicola using molecular, phylogenetic, and histological techniques. Both insect species contained flavobacterial and enterobacterial endosymbionts in abdominal bacteriomes, but only D. pinicola harbored Wolbachia. (Photo courtesy of Mr. Akira Ozono). Related Article

Vol. 26, No. 6 Photograph of a "crinoid meadow," consisting of individuals of Bathycrinus volubilis, taken at hadal depths by remotely operated vehicle. In their article in this issue T Oji et al. report that stalked crinoids live densely (inset photograph) on rocky substrates at depths over 9000 m in the Izu-Ogasawara Trench off the eastern coast of Japan. This study provides the deepest in-situ observations of stalked crinoids to date. Related Article

Vol. 26, No. 5 (Top left) Inner Ise Bay (the old name was Bay of Miya), central Honshu Island, Japan, shown in one of a series Edo-Period woodblock prints by Hiroshige Utagawa (1797-1858) entitled Tokaido-gojusan-tsugi (53 Views of Tokaido). Through coastal development, inner Ise Bay has been completely reclaimed to land and is now occupied by the central part of Nagoya City. (Middle left) A glass jar containing 11 specimens of nereidid polychaetes collected from the Bay of Miya by Dr. Carl Koerbl and donated in 1877 to the Natural History Museum Vienna by Dr. Richard von Drasche-Wartinberg. (Top right) Anterior dorsal view of one of the specimens, all of which are Hediste japonica (Japanese name: ariake-kawa-gokai). This species now has an extremely limited distribution in Japan, where it is restricted to the inner part of the Ariake Sea. (Bottom) View of the Natural History Museum Vienna, which houses historical collections from Japan. In their article in this issue, Sato and Sattmann show how these collections provide rare opportunities to study distributional changes in the Japanese fauna. Related Article

Vol. 26, No. 4 Artistic rendition of the red swamp crawfish (Procambarus clarkii) superimposed on a schematic DNA molecule. In their study reported in this issue, Zhu and Doumen cloned and sequenced a cDNA for cytoplasmic manganese superoxide dismutase (cMnSOD) from this species. The results support the hypothesis that cMnSOD replaced CuZnSOD in crustaceans that use haemocyanin as the respiratory pigment. (Illustration by Helen Zhu). Related Article

Vol. 26, No. 3 Neurosecretory cells in the larval brain innervating the ring gland of the blow fly, Protophormia terraenovae. Top, dorsal view of the brain; bottom, sagittal views in different focal plains; all views, are from the same whole-mount preparation in which neurons were backfilled with horseradish peroxidase. In their study presented in this issue, Hamanaka et al. morphologically investigated cephalic neurons projecting to the ring gland in the blow fly, using backfills and immunocytochemistry with eight antisera against different neuropeptides, and found three groups of cells comprising mutual networks in the central nervous system. Related Article

Vol. 26, No. 2 The rose bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus ocellatus, shows distinct sexual dimorphism in body color, with sexually mature males (upper left) having nuptial body coloration different from the juvenile-like coloration of sexually mature females (lower left). Androgen treatment induces the male nuptial body coloration in females; at the right are shown females treated with androgen for 50 days (upper right) and 20 days (lower right). In their study presented in Zoological Science Vol. 26, No.2, 2009, Kobayashi et al. examined the effects of androgens on body coloration and chromatophore density in females. (Photographs by Youichi Hayakawa). Related Article

Vol. 26, No. 1 The sika deer, Cervus nippon, is widely distributed along the coast of East Asia and in Japan. This species has recently caused various negative impacts to forest ecosystems and agricultural fields due to rapid increases in size of local populations. In their study reported in this issue, Yoshio et al. used microsatellite markers to detect two genetically distinctive clusters in the sika deer population on the Boso Peninsula, Japan. (Photo courtesy of Dr. Masahiko Asada). Related Article

Vol. 25, No. 12 Bradybaena pellucida (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) (top, un banded morph) is a Japanese sibling species of the cosmopolitan land snail B. similaris (bottom, banded morph), shown in this photograph crawling on the purple beautyberry (Callicarpa dichotoma). The two species differ in mantle coloration in the wild but become indistinguishable under laboratory conditions because B. pellucida loses its fluorescent yellow pigmentation. In their study reported in this issue, Seki et al. show that the two species are distinct in penial microsculpture and allozyme frequencies. Related Article

Vol. 25, No. 11 A new solitary entoproct found on a sponge, Plakortis sp., on a coral reef slope, Okinawa Island, Japan. This is the first report of a commensal entoproct from the Ryukyu Archipelago. In their article in this issue, T. Iseto et al. describe the new entoproct as Loxosomella plakorticola sp. nov. and provide details on its mode of attachment to the host, investigated through scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Photo by Dr. Tohru Iseto. Related Article

Vol. 25, No. 10 The lamprey Lethenteron japonicum (in back) and the hagfish Eptatretus burgeri (in front) in a seawater tank. Overlying parts of the image is a page from a Japanese encyclopedia, Wakan-Sansai-Zue, from the Edo Period (1603-1867), describing the lamprey. Related Article

Vol. 25, No. 9 Adult Bonin Islands White-eye (Apalopteron familiare), the sole surviving endemic avian species on the Bonin Islands, a group of subtropical oceanic islands located far south of the main islands of Japan. In their article in this issue, Kawakami et al. report on genetic and morphological differences among A. familiare populations on these islands. The results indicate that over-sea dispersal is rare in A. familiare, even when islands are separated by only a few kilometers, and suggest that the population on each island should be conserved as an evolutionarily significant unit. (Photograph by Kazuto Kawakami, taken on Hahajima Island). Related Article

Vol. 25, No. 8 The large carpenter bee Xylocopa ogasawarensis is endemic to the oceanic Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands of Japan. This species has conspicuous sexual dimorphism in pubescence color. A male is shown at lower left; the other views are of females. In their study reported in this issue, Kawazoe et al. conducted a phylogenetic analysis to investigate the origin of X. ogasawarensis. (Photo courtesy of Shinji Sugiura.) Related Article

Vol. 25, No. 7 Clockwise, starting upper left: alate, worker, and soldier of the termite Reticulitermes speratus. Scale bars, 0.2 mm. In their study reported in this issue, Maekawa et al. investigated the outer and inner morphology of the compound eyes in various instars and castes of this termite species. The goals of the study were to examine developmental differences in compound eye formation between two distinct caste developmental pathways, and the relationship between compound eye development and reproductive organ development in several types of neotenics. Related Article

Vol. 25, No. 6 The Eastern Box Turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina), widely distributed across eastern North America, is characterized by the highly domed shell and hinge across the plastron. In their article in this issue, Sheil and Portik describe patterns of formation and ossification of cartilaginous and bony elements in the limbs of another species, the Red-eared Slider (Trachemys scripta), and discuss the homology of bony limb elements among turtles in general (photo courtesy of Christopher Sheil). Related Article

Vol. 25, No. 5 Ephydatia muelleri (Demospongiae, Haplosclerida) (top right) is a common freshwater sponge species found at Tsukisamu-gawa (Tsukisamu River; top left and bottom right), Sapporo,. Hokkaldo, Japan. Bottom left panel shows a sponge body developing from a gemmule. Part of the sponge (bottom third of panel) grew under a coverslip, providing a clear view of the canals and spherical choanocyte chambers. In their study reported in this issue, Ishijima et al. used a gemmule culture system to determine the karyotypes of ten freshwater sponge species. Related Article

Vol. 25, No. 4 The small atyid shrimp Limnocaridina latipes (Calman, 1899) (inset) endemic to Lake Tanganyika (background; photo courtesy of Dr. Kazutaka Ota) hides under rocks and in crevices during the day to avoid predation by several shrimp-eating cichlids. This shrimp and the Japanese atyid shrimp Neocaridina denticulate (De Hann, 1849) have the abdomen curving either leftward or rightward. In their article in this issue, Takeuchi et al. demonstrate that atyid shrimps have an innate laterality that controls their escape direction, which may affect prey-predator interactions. Related Article

Vol. 25, No. 3 A pair of emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) with their chick at Cape Washington on the Northern Victoria Land coast of Antarctica. In their related study reported in this issue, Cockrem et al. show that there is likely no relationship between body mass and the size of the stress response in the emperor and other penguins (photo courtesy of Dr John Cockrem). Related Article

Vol. 25, No. 2 Brain of the Japanese carpenter ant, Campanatus japanicus, with neuronal structures labeled with an anti-serotonin antibody (anti-5-HT) and visualized with Cy3-conjugated secondary antibody. This image of the bram of a worker ant is a 3-D reconstruction made by confocal laser-scanning electron microscopy. In their article in this issue, Nishikawa et al. demonstrate pronounced sexual dimorphism in the antennal lobe of this species, which might reflect gender-specific tasks in chemical communication. Also see the related article by Tsuji et aI., Zoological Science, 2007, 24(8): 836-849. Related Article

Vol. 25, No. 1 The stalked crinoid Proisocrinus ruberrimus, or "Moulin rouge" photographed by "Shinkai 6500" (JAMSTEC) at depths of approximately 1800 m in the Okinawa Trough. This species is very rare, with only a few previous records of collection. In their study in the present issue, Oji and Kitazawa treat the taxonomy, ecology, and biogeography of this and another rare species, Naumachacrinus hawaiiensis, distributed from Hawaii to the Indo-West Pacific. The authors present evidence that P. ruberrimus belongs in Order Isocrinida rather than in Order Millericrinida. Related Article

Vol. 24, No. 12 Adult male (top), Krohn-stage larva (bottom left), and juvenile (bottom right) of Balanoglossus simodensis, a new species of enteropneust, or acorn worm, from the shore at Kujuppama, Shimoda, Japan, the type locality (bottom center). In their article in this issue, N. Miyamoto and Y. Saito describe this species and report success in rearing it in the laboratory from fertilization through metamorphosis, demonstrating its potential as a model laboratory animal for studies in developmental biology and genetics. Related Article

Vol. 24, No. 11 Copris ochus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), an endangered species, is the largest dung beetle in Japan. Large males of C. ochus (as at left) have a disproportionately longer head horn than small males (as at right). In their article in this issue, Sugiura et al. demonstrate that horn length scales nonlinearly with prothorax width in males, and that males show distinct dimorphism in head horns. Related Article

Vol. 24, No. 10 The sweet-potato hornworm, Agrius convolvuli (Japanese name: Ebigara-suzume), is widely distributed in warm areas of the Palaearctic region and Australia. In the past decade, this species has been developed as a model experimental animal in the laboratory in the Ntional Institute of Agrobiological Sciences. In their study reported in this issue, Shimoda et al. compared spermatogenesis during pupal diapausing versus non-diapausing individuals. They found that cessation of spermatogenesis during pupal diapause is characterized by degeneration of secondary spermatocytes and sperm boundles and the appearance of spermatogonia or primary spermatocytes. Furthermore, the degenerative changes in spermatogenic cells are controlled by apoptosis. In the cover photograph, a female hawkmoth (adult phase of the sweet-potato hornworm) is raising her foreleg to clean her compound eye. Related Article

Vol. 24, No. 9 The nematode Pristionchus pacificus (Diplogastridae) is useful in evolutionary developmental biology as a satellite organism for comparison to Caenorhabditis elegans. Pristionchus pacificus is widely distributed in Japan and is closely associated with the Oriental beetle, Exomala orientalis (Scarabaeidae). This association provides the basis for the ecological analysis of Pristionchus nematodes. See the article by M. Herrmann et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 24, No. 8 The kissing loach, Leptobotia curta (Japanese name: Ayumodoki), is a freshwater fish endemic to Japan, surviving only in a few rivers around Kyoto (the Lake Biwa - River Yodo system) and Okayama. Due to its reduced habitat in artificially reconstructed rivers or irrigation channels with temporary waters, this species is now threatened with extinction. Since 2004 and 2003, it has been recognized as a national endangered species of wild fauna and flora by the Ministry of the Environment, Japan, and as a critically endangered species in the Red Data Book of Japan, respectively; since 1977, it has been designated a national natural monument by the Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japan. (Photo courtesy of Mr. Tsukasa Abe). See the article by Abe et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 24, No. 7 (Top) Flock of Dunlin (Calidris alpina; Japanese name, Hama-shigi) on the tidal flats of Fujimae-higata, Ise Bay, Nagoya, central Japan (7 March 2004; photo courtesy of Mr. Toyohisa Morii). The Dunlinis the most common shorebird wintering in Japanese estuaries. (Middle) A Dunlin in winter plumage foraging on a tidal flat along the Asakegawa River near Fujimae-higata (29 November 2004; photo courtesy of Mr. Toyohisa Morii). (Bottom) A nereidid polychaete (Hediste diadroma; Japanese name, Yamato-kawa-gokai) on a tidal flat at Fujimae-higata (6 March 1999; photo by Akiko Suzuki). This species is one of the most important dietary items of Dunlin wintering in Japan. See the article by lwamatsu et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 24, No. 6 To provision nymph-containing burrows with host fruits, the subsocial shield bug Parastrachia japonensis employs a remarkable navigation system in which the bugs orient toward the burrow using path integration. Shown here is an adult shield bug conveying a yellow Schoepfia jasminodora (In Japanese, boro boro no ki) fruit across a forest floor carpeted With colored fallen leaves. See the article by M. Hironaka et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 24, No. 5 The Chung-an ground lizard, Takydromus sylvaticus (Pope, 1928), shown in the inset, with a bamboo plantation in the background. Long known from only five females collected in Fujian Province of China, this species was recently found in Anhui Province of the country. In the related article in this issue, Tang et al. describe the male morphology of this species and compare it with its putative sister species, T. dorsalis. Related Article

Vol. 24, No. 4 Nemerteans from various localities in Japanese waters. Top left, Cephalothrix sp. (Palaeonemertea: Cephalotrichidae). Top second from left, Tubulanus ezoensis Yamaoka, 1940 (Palaeonemertea: Tubulanidae). Top second from right, Micrura bella (Stimpson, 1857) (Pilidiophora: Lineidae). Top right, Lineus mcintoshi sensu Takakura (1898) (Pilidiophora: Lineidae). Bottom left, Baseodiscus curtus (Hubrecht, 1879) (Pilidiophora: Valenciniidae). Bottom second from left, Nectonemertes japonica Foshay, 1912 (Hoplonemertea: Polystilifera: Pelagica). Bottom center, an undescribed species (Hoplonemertea: Polystilifera: Reptantia). Bottom second from right, Amphiporus antifuscus Iwata, 1954 (Hoplonemertea: Monostilifera: Amphiporidae). Bottom right, Malacobdella japonica Takakura, 1897 (Hoplonemertea: Monostilifera: Malacobdellidae). In the corresponding article in this issue, H. Kajihara provides a taxonomic checklist of all nemertean species reported from Japan, including synonymies and comments on taxonomical problems. Related Article

Vol. 24, No. 3 Whole-mount stained primordial skeleton of a late embryo of the Loggerhead Sea Turtle, Caretta caretta. Cartilage is stained blue, and ossified bones red. In their article in this issue, Marcelo et al. show that the development of the autopodium of marine turtles is a mosaic of derived and plesiomorphic features. Related Article

Vol. 24, No. 2 Yaeyama harpist frog from the southern Ryukyu Islands, Japan. In his article in this issue, M. Matsui demonstrates that this species is the true Rana okinavana, a name historically applied to a brown frog from the Okinawa and Amami island groups of the middle Ryukyus. Photo courtesy of Mr. Masataka Matsui. Related Article

Vol. 24, No. 1 A pair of adult hime salmon, a land-locked t e of Lake Chuzenji to reproduce in their home river Shobu-Shimizu. This river follows through the campus of the Nikko Branch Institute, National Research Institute of Fisheries Sciences. In the related study they report in this issue, Iigo et al. found that melatonin production in the sockeye salmon is driven by light and darkness but lacks circadian regulation. (Photo courtesy of Mr. Yukinari Suzuki). Related Article

Vol. 23, No. 12 For their article in this issue, Kuraku and Kuratani employed molecular phylogenetic analyses of extant jawless fishes to investigate the timing of divergence events in this group. The cover illustration shows a phylogeny of hagfishes and lampreys juxtaposed with the geological time scale (above) and modern agnathans (below); in the phylogeny, † indicates extinct taxa known from fossils. The modern agnathans shown are two lampreys, Lethenteron japonicum (upper and lower), and an inshore hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri (middle), from Japan. The lineages leading to modern hagfishes and lampreys diverged more than 400 million years ago. Related Article

Vol. 23, No. 11 Photograph of an adult of the varied carpet beetle, Anthrenus verbasci (L.), on a flower of the oxeye daisy, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. In the accompanying article in this issue, Y. Miyazaki et al. report the effects on the circannual pupation rhythm of the beetle (in terms of phase response curves) of a short-day or long-day pulse under naturally changing day length. Related Article

Vol. 23, No. 10 Digitally colored illustration composed of three views of deutonymphs of a new wasp-associated mite of the genus Ensliniella, crowded into the metasomal acarinarium of the vespid wasp host, Allodynerus mandschuricus. The acarinarium is a specialized chamber on the dorsal side of the abdomen that functions to harbor the mites. Top row: left, close-up view of bodies and appendages of mites in an acarinarium; middle, deutonymphs packed into the large acarinarium of a female wasp, with some remaining outside; right, the smaller acarinarium of a male wasp. See the article by W. Abe and K. Okabe in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 23, No. 9 The amphipod Sternomoera rhyaca lives in small coastal streams from northern Hokkaido to southeastern Honshu, Japan. This species has a biennial catadromous life cycle in which egg-bearing females return upstream after copulation, fertilization, and oviposition in tidewater at the stream mouth. Shown here is a mass of females entering a road culvert at the onset of their migration from tidewater back to freshwater. See the article by K. Kuribayashl et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 23, No. 8 A new species of whale-bone-eating worm, Osedax japonicus (Japanese name: Honekui-hanamushi), found on sperm-whale skeletons sunk off Cape Nomamisaki, Japan. This is the fourth known species of Osedax, and the first record of the genus from the western Pacific Ocean. Upper left, worm's trunk and crown. Center left, worms emergent from a whale bone. Upper right, enlargement of worms emergent from a whale bone. Bottom, the worms' habitat: remains of a sperm whale off Cape Nomamisaki, note Japanese spider crabs (Macrocheira kaempferi) in right foreground and background. See the article by K. Fujikura, Y. Fujiwara, and M. Kawato in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 23, No. 7 The marine gastropod Aplysia kurodai feeds on Ulva seaweeds, as shown here, but rejects Gelidium or Pachydictyon. Patterned jaw movements following taste recognition are controlled by CPG (central pattern generator) neural circuits. Newly identified 'LE neurons' in A. kurodai produce long plateau potentials and may be a component of the feeding CPG circuit in this species. See the article by A. Kinugawa and T. Nagahama in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 23, No. 6 The leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius, inhabits deserts and arid grasslands of Iran, Afghanistan, Western India, and Pakistan. In this issue, Y-I. Kanaho et al. report the first molecular cloning of reptilian thyroid hormone receptors, TRα and β, using this species for their study. Related Article

Vol. 23, No. 5 A montage of photographs of an adult hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri, and its eggs laid in an aquarium. The eggs and the animal are not to scale. See the review article by K. G. Ota and S. Kuratani in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 23, No. 4 Above: A swimming cuttlefish, Sepia Iycidas. Below: Scanning electron micrographs of a section of the cuttlebone of Sepia peterseni (left) and the radula of Sepia esculenta (right). See the article by M. Yoshida et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 23, No. 3 Larvae of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, in the forth molting stage; these are hybrids from a cross between Fuyo and Tsukubane strains, reared on an artificial diet at 25°C. See the article by Okazaki et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 23, No. 2 Nothomiza aurealaria Inoue, an ennomine geometrid moth widely distributed in northeastern Asia, is resting on a red brick wall (photo courtesy of Dr. Sei-Woong Choi). See the article by Sei-Woong Choi in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 23, No. 1 Numerous polyps of the zoanthid Palythoa heliodiscus on a coral reef wall, Lau Lau Beach, Saipan, at a depth of 3 meters. See the article by Reimer et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 22, No. 12 A photomicrograph of the turbellarian flatworm Gieysztoria sp. and freehand drawings of three Gieysztoria species found in the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve, Peru. See the article by C. Damborenea et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 22, No. 11 A pupa of the swallowtail butterfly Atrophaneura alcinous with a silken girdle of the white type. See the article by M. Saito et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 22, No. 10 The ermine (or stoat), Mustela erminea, is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, and its white coat in winter provides protective coloration against predators in the snow (photo courtesy of Mr. Teruki Nishizawa). See the article by Kurose et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 22, No. 9 (Upper panel) Photomicrograph of Drosophila embryo at the blastodermal stage. The germline progenitors, or pole cells are stained in black. (Lower panel) Schematic representation of Drosophila embryogenesis. See S. Kobayashi et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 22, No. 8 A lot of strains and varieties have been produced as ornamental fish in the guppy, which were selected by their body color, color pattern and fin shape. For further details, see article by Watanabe et al. in this issue of Zool Sci, Vol. 22. Related Article

Vol. 22, No. 7 Colony founding by the carpenter ant, Camponotus japonicus. The queen (upper left) is the unique reproductive individual in a colony and produces many sterile workers (lower left). Workers undergo the developmental stages of egg, larva, pre-pupa and pupa (upper to lower right, respectively). See the article by Ishii et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 22, No. 6 Digital video images of the mating sequence (clockwise starting at upper left) of the oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana. The paired larger male approached the female from her below, and using both his right and left arms IV transferred spermatophores to the opening of the oviduct in her mantle. See the article by T. Wada et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 22, No. 5 The planarian brain can be divided into several functional and structural domains, defined by differential expression of three homeobox genes. Neural connections between these domains were analyzed by fluorescent dye injection, and then their images were reconstructed from the data obtained by confocal laser scanning microscopy (See K. Okamoto et al. in this issue). Related Article

Vol. 22, No. 4 A pair of chum salmon homing to the Otsuchi river (photographed by T. Kitahashi). See H. Ando and A. Urano in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 22, No. 3 Oculomotor nucleus of adult medaka Oryzias latipes shown in a frontal section, which was labeled by injection of biocytin into the oculomotor nerve to the right of this panel. Labeled neurons were stained in dark brown using diaminobenzidine, and the section was counter-stained with cresyl violet. See the article by T. Deguchi et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 22, No. 2 Expression patterns of a GFP transgene driven by the vesicular acetylcholine transporter gene promoter in tadpole larvae of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis (photographed by Takeo Horie). See the article by T. Kusakabe in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 22, No. 1 The primary morphological plan of the vertebrate skull. Redrawn from Portmann A (1969) "Einfuhrung in die vergleichende Morphologie der Wirbeltiere". See S. Kuratani in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 21, No. 12 A cricket Gryllus bimaculatus exploring an odor source during odor preference test (photographed by Y. Matsumoto). See M. Mizunami et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 21, No. 11 Progression of flagellar stages from P-bend propagating to full-beating in sea urchin (Hemicentrorus pulcherrimus) sperm with a pseudocolor map of bending curvature plotted Related Article

Vol. 21, No. 10 Diapause pupae of Papilio xuthus has three types of color polymorphism (diapause-green, orange and brownish-orange) and pupae obtained by injecting ganglion extracts into ligated pharate pupae. See the article by A. Yamanaka et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 21, No. 9 Wild Pacific white-sided dolphins off Muroran, Hokkaido (Photo by Kotoe Sasamori). See the article by A. Hayano et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 21, No. 8 Dicyemid mesozoan (Dicyema acuticephalum). Infusoriform embryos developing within the axial cell. See the article by H. Furuya et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 21, No. 7 Five starfishes, Archaster typicus, Astropecten polyacanthus, Acanthaster planci, Asterina pectinifera and Solaster dawson. A close relationship between Asterina and Solasteridae was supported by nuclear and mitochondrial rDNAs. See the article by M. Matsubara et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 21, No. 6 The three male morphotypes in the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. See the article by T. Okumura and M. Hara in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 21, No. 5 A late Metschnikoff-/Spengel-stage tornaria larva of tha Japanese acorn worm Balanoglossus misakiensis (Japanese name: Misaki-giboshimushi). See the article by M. Urata and M. Yamaguchi in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 21, No. 4 Overpopulation of sika deer (Cervus nippon) causing agricultural damages in Hokkaido (above, by the courtesy of the Shiretoko Nature Foundation) and archaeological deer remains before the overpopulation (below, by the courtesy of the Tomakomai City Museum). See the article by Nabata et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 21, No. 3 Planarians against a background of regenerating visual neurons. Genes involved in the recovery of negative phototaxis subsequent to structural reconstitution have now been identified. See T. Inoue et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 21, No. 2 A white-spotted charr Salvelinus leucomaenis japonicus (Japanese Name: yamato-iwana), a tributary of the Kiso River, Japan. (photograph by Kentaro Morita) See S. Yamamoto et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 21, No. 1 A 7-day old tornaria larva of the Hawaiian acorn worm Ptychodera flava, which nervous system is stained with the monoclonal antibody 1E11. See Y. Nakajima et al in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 20, No. 12 Two types of small salamander Hynobius naevius from Kyushu. See A. Tominaga et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 20, No. 11 The entire length of the beard worm, Oligobrachia mashikoi (Pogonophora) (left). Illustration of the "opisthosoma" (central) and live opisthosoma before fixation (right). See Y. Sasayama et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 20, No. 10 A newly described dipteromimid mayfly Dipteromimus flavipterus. See K. Tojo and K. Matsukawa in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 20, No. 9 A group of male horseshoe bats Rhinolophus ferrumequinum hibernating in an artificIal cave. See K. Kawamoto in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 20, No. 8 A scleractinian coral Goniastrea aspera that broods planulae after spawning gametes. See A. Nishikawa and K. Sakai in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 20, No. 7 Hachling (F4) of a transgenic medaka harboring GFP gene driven by β-actin promoter (pβ-Act-GFP-N). See M. Kinoshita et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 20, No. 6 Metathoracic flexor tibiae motor neurons stained differentially in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. See H. Nishino in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 20, No. 5 Dorsal and ventral views of three brown frogs collected from Russia, China and Hokkaido. See Sumida et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 20, No. 4 A colony of the viviparous ascidian Botrylloides lentus (photographed at 1 m deep, Noroshi Point, Shimoda). See E. Hirose in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 20, No. 3 Perturbation of the wing color pattern of a swallowtail buttertly, Papilio xuthus, induced by the endogenous and exogenous acid carboxypeptidases. See Y. Umebachi and M. Osanai in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 20, No. 2 Expression of soluble guanylyl cyclase α2 subunit gene in the inner nuclear layer and ganglion cell layer of the retina of medaka embryo. See T. Harumi et aI., in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 20, No. 1 Milnesium tardigradum walking on moss. This is a carnivorous, cosmopolitan tardigrade. See Suzuki in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 19, No. 12 A tree covered with colored leaves in the campus of Hokkaido University, Sapporo, taken by Isao Sakata, General Secretary of Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University.

Vol. 19, No. 11 Holotype colony of an anascan cheilostome bryozoans, Gontarella gigantea gen. et sp. nov. This species consists of the largest zooids known among the recent sheet-like encrusting anascans. See Grischenko et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 19, No. 10 Dorsal view of a doliolaria larva of Japanese sea cucumber shown the expression of BMP2/4 gene in the hydroporic canal. (see Harada et al. In this Issue) Related Article

Vol. 19, No. 9 Taste sensory cells on labella send dendrites to a particular chemosensillum in Drosophila. Visualized by Green fluorescent protein expression driven by the promoter sequence of a putative taste receptor gene. For details, see the article by Hiroi et al., in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 19, No. 8 Medulla and Lamina PDF cells in the optic lobe in the Last Summer Cicada Meimuna opalifera. See S. Sato et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 19, No. 7 Arginine vasopressin (AVP) immunoreactive cells differentiating in the cell culture of quail embryonic pineal glands. They show well-developed neuritic processes, suggesting a developmental potency or neural cells. See Haldar and Araki in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 19, No. 6 Illustration of a sexualized worm of the planarian Dugesia ryukuensis. The fully sexualized worms reproduce exclusively sexually. For further details, see the article by Kobayashi and Hoshi, in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 19, No. 5 Expression of vas in the early stage embryos of goldfish, Carassius auratus. vas signals are clearly visible on the marginal parts of the third cleavage planes, and these signals have been observed during early development. Related Article

Vol. 19, No. 4 Adult medaka with ENU- or γ-ray induced mutations at the b locus. All the induced mutants have reduced melanized eyes and skin. See Shimada et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 19, No. 3 A scanning electron micrograph of the surface of a broken spicule from the pluteus larva. See Wilt in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 19, No. 2 Cosmopolitan ascidian Ciona intestinalis (Courtesy of Dr. T. Numakunai of Aomori University). Whereas ascidians are hermaphrodites, several species including C. intestinalis are self-sterile. See the review article by Sawada in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 19, No. 1 Young juvenile of the Hawaiian acorn worm (hemichordate) Ptychodera flava, one day after metamorphosis. Proboscis is already formed. (original photo graph by Kuni Tagawa) Related Article

Vol. 18, No. 9 Chloride cell under the pectoral fin of mudskipper, Periaphthalmus madestus. In seawater, the apical pits (red) are open to secrete salt. See Sakamoto et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 18, No. 8 Newly hatched chick of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). In this highly conscious creatures, specific visual cues of conspecifics are responsible for suppressing distress calls in social isolation. Related Article

Vol. 18, No. 7 A larva or the salamander Hynobius retardatus, just cannibalizing a conspecific larva. See the review article by Wakahara and Yamaguchi in this issue of Zool. Sci., Vol. 18. Related Article

Vol. 18, No. 6 Green fluorescence emission in a pluteus larva of Clypeaster japonicus. For further details, see the article by Nakamura et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 18, No. 5 Copulation in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus (upper, female; lower, male) Related Article

Vol. 18, No. 4 Males with white testis and females with yellow ovary of the amphioxus Branchlostoma belcheri (courtesy of Dr. T. Yamaguchi of Kumamoto University). See abstract papers of an International Amphioxus Meeting. Related Article

Vol. 18, No. 3 Chromosomal localization of telomeric sequences in the freshwater snail Biwamelania habei. For further details, see the article by Nomoto et al. in this issue of Zool. Sci., vol. 18. Related Article

Vol. 18, No. 2 A swallowtail butterfly Papilio xuthus, laying an egg on food plant. Females use genital photoreceptors upon oviposition. See Arikawa and Takagi in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 18, No. 1 The Hawaiian acorn worm (hemichordate) Ptychodera flava, from which otx gene is characterized in this issue (Harada et al.) Related Article

Vol. 17, No. 9 Neurones involved in producing escape responses of the freshwater crayfish, Procambarus clarkii. The dye-coupled lateral giant interneuronse (bottom right) receive synaptic inputs from each of the other three types of neurone and initiate a rapid flexion of the abdomen. For details see the review article by Newland, Aonuma and Nagayama in this issue of Zoological Science. Related Article

Vol. 17, No. 8 A fifth-instar larva of the silkmoth Bombyx mori. Bombyxin, an insulin-related peptide, was purified from the Bombyx heads. Bombyxin was named after Bombyx. For details, see the review article by Iwami in this issue of Zool. Sci., vol. 17. Related Article

Vol. 17, No. 7 Neural crest cell distribution in an embryo of a shark, Scylliorhinus torazame. Related Article

Vol. 17, No. 6 A sperm of the newt Cynops pyrrhogaster. For further details, see the article by Iwao in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 17, No. 5 Courtship behavior of the red-bellied newt, Cynops pyrrhogaster. For further details, see the article by Toyoda and Kikuyarna in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 17, No. 4 Startish, Asterina pectinitera. For further details, see the review article by Chiba, in this issue of Zool. Sci. Related Article

Vol. 17, No. 3 Asexual reproduction of the tunicate, Polyandrocarpa misakiensis. The parental animal gives off buds around it, thus forming a clonal colony. For details, see the review article by Kawamura and Fujiwara in this issue of Zool. Sci., vol. 17. Related Article

Vol. 17, No. 2 A 1-day-old medaka fish embryo showing β-galactosidase activity (green) after microinjection of synthetic lacZ mRNA at the 2-cell stage. For further details, see the review article by Kusakabe and Suzuki, in this issue of Zool. Sci., vol. 17. Related Article

Vol. 17, No. 1 A stage of Japanese sika deer (Cervus nippon) in the Kinkazan Island, Northern Japan, For further details, see the article by Tamate et al. in this issue. Related Article

Vol. 16, No. 6 Mytilus collected from Asamushi and Maruishi sites. For further details, see the article by Matsumasa et al. in this issue of Zool. Sci., 16, 985-991. Related Article

Vol. 16, No. 5 Electron micrograph of traverse section of the retina of Papillo. For further details, see the article by Arikawa et al. in the issue of Zool. Sci., vol. 16(1), 17-24 (1999). Related Article

Vol. 16, No. 4 Expression of the black caudal-peduncle and red tail color genes in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata, by Khoo et al. in this issue of Zool. Sci., vol. 16. Related Article

Vol. 16, No. 3 The pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis, which is widely used in the field of neurobiology. For further details, see the article by Nakamura et al., in this issue of Zool. Sci., vol. 16. Related Article

Vol. 16, No. 2 A white-backed munia and its domesticated strain, a Bengalese finch (photograph by Maki Ikebuchi). For further details, see article by Honda and Okanoya in this issue of Zool. Sci., vol. 16. Related Article

Vol. 16, No. 1 Immunofluorescence image of a type 2 astrocyte visualizing distribution of GFAP (left) and tubulin (right). For further details, see article by Yamane et al. in this issue of Zool. Sci., vol. 16. Related Article

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